This manufacturer is depending on the social process of______ to increase sales. Violent video games have been blamed for all but which of the following? Please sign in to share these flashcards. DISCUSSION. dissonance, and as a result, they would rate the task as less Cognitive dissonance theory implies that if you demand respect, you will get it. On the other hand, the ones who were paid $20, apparently had the money as their primary justification for carrying out their task. 0000012870 00000 n The participants who were paid only $1 to perform the boring Festinger and Carlsmith had cleverly set up an opposition between behavioral theory, which was dominant in the 1950s, and Festinger's cognitive dissonance theory. He was told to use one hand and to work at his own speed. // adblocker detected The public service messages that encourage parents to sit down with their children and talk frankly about drugs are promoting which method of attitude formation? The participants who convinced themselves that the task really was fun were the ones . 0000013918 00000 n But nevertheless, the possibility exists that the Ss n the One Dollar condition may have improvised more. Psychol., 1954, 49, 211-218. There are, after all, other ways in which the experimentally created dissonance could be reduced. If you want to dislike someone, do them wrong. The participants were interviewed afterwards and were asked to rate the experiment in four areas (Cognitive Dissonance). 47 14 Which of the following was NOT a component of Robert Sternberg's theory of love? Alex was most likely engaging in________. Leon Festinger's 1957 cognitive dissonance theory suggests that we act to reduce the disharmony, or dissonance, of our conflicting feelings. $20 in the 1950s was equivalent to over $100 now. The results are weakly in line with what one would expect if the dissonance were somewhat reduced in this manner. Create your own unique website with customizable templates. A fraction of the participants (the control group) was thanked and let go after an interview. Cognitive dissonance is at the heart of this insidious prejudice, write Berit Brogaard and Dimitria Gatzia. They were told that a sample of students would be interviewed after having served as Ss. Marco is using an example of. 0000000015 00000 n Which of the following is not one of the elements of effective persuasion? Vince's behavior is an example of. The fact that a social role can lead to an increase in aggressive behavior points to _____as a major contributor to aggression. OF A POSSIBLE ALTERNATIVE EXPLANATION. The defendant was not very well spoken and came from a very poor background, but Sandy listened carefully to the evidence presented and made her decision based on that. Festinger and Carlsmith had predicted What happens when students are asked to defend positions contrary to their beliefs? Festinger and Carlsmith argued that subjects who were paid onJy $1.00 to lie to another person experienced "cognitive dissonance." According to Festinger (1957), people experience cognitive dissonance when they simultaneously hold two thoughts that are psychologically inconsistent (i.e., thoughts that feel contradictory or incompatible in some . Ashley has practiced her drum routine over and over. So, to avoid dissonance, the person likes you. anything important? What similar but opposite statement appears in Hoffer's book The True Believer ? C. She knew she had to find something that she was interested in. 52 0 obj This is further explained in Leon Festinger and James Carlsmith's study in 1954. The new edition of Cognitive Dissonance: Re-examining a Pivotal Theory in Psychology contains 12 chapters and three appendices. The findings of the classic Festinger and Carlsmith (1959) experiment indicate that: A theory of cognitive dissonance. What similar but opposite statement appears in Hoffer's book The True Believer ? Lilly's mother always listens to the classic rock station on her car radio, so Lilly has grown up hearing that music and noticing how much her mother enjoys it. Nicole thinks of herself as an honest, trustworthy person. Putting these 11 in exception, the 60 remaining responses are the following: One of the questions that Festinger and Carlsmith were aiming to answer is how enjoyable were the tasks for the participants. repeatedly turning pegs in a peg board for an hour. The content of what the S said after the girl made the above-mentioned remark. This has many practical implications. 2. Half of them were offered $1 to do it, and half of them were offered $20. Maria's fellow professor asked her to teach an honors class in the spring. These made them question what the real purpose of the study is. Ben Franklin gave some peculiar advice that makes sense in the context of cognitive dissonance theory. The subjects were divided into two groups, A and B, where Group A was provided no introduction regarding the tasks they will be performing and Group B was. Which of the following statements about stereotypes is FALSE? Which of the following is not one of the reasons given by the text for interpersonal attraction? An internet resource developed by In this condition, the average rating was +1.35, considerably on the positive side and significantly different from the Control condition at the .02 level[2] (t = 2.48). In the chapter section Attitudes and Behaviours that Affect Social Interaction, Paul Angelini (2011) introdected the negative elements of social interactio Use LEFT and RIGHT arrow keys to navigate between flashcards; Use UP and DOWN arrow keys to flip the card; audio not yet available for this language, In Solomon Asch's study, confederates were instructed to, give the incorrect answer to the line-matching task. /O 49 Patrick has a strong_____. The result that the Twenty Dollar condition is actually lower than the Control condition is undoubtedly a matter of chance (t = 0.58). Now Lilly says that classic rock is her favorite music, too. /N 8 Leon Festinger introduced cognitive dissonance theory in a 1957 book, A Theory of Cognitive Dissonance. How can you get someone to like you, according to Ben Franklin? Find out how you can intelligently organize your Flashcards. One would then expect no differences at all among the three conditions. The Effects of Prejudice, Stereotype & Discrimination To do otherwise would have been to create conflict or dissonance (lack of harmony) between their attitudes and their behavior. Lately she has noticed that she seems to play better when there are people watching her than which she is playing alone. (Goleman, 1991). Festinger and Carlsmith had cleverly set up an opposition between behavioral theory, which was dominant in the 1950s, and Festinger's cognitive dissonance theory. Imagine you are a participant in a famous experiment staged by the creative Festinger and his student J. Merrill Carlsmith (1959). Kenneth Boulding, an economist and past president of the American Association for the Advancement of Science, described a pattern that relates to cognitive dissonance. Procedure In this experiment, 71 male participants were given a series of nonsensical and boring tasks. The other group was paid 1/20th as much, the equivalent of about $5 now. . Cheryl's co-worker also got a bad grade on a test, which Cheryl attributes to her co-worker's laziness. Relat., 1956, 9, 177-186. According to Festinger and Carlsmith, the participants experienced dissonance between the conflicting cognitions of telling someone that a particular task is interesting when the truth is, they found it rather uninteresting and boring. According to the social psychologist, the social comparison theory is the idea that there is a drive within individuals to search for outside images in order to evaluate their own opinions and abilities. In a classic piece of cognitive dissonance research, researchers assigned students to different sides of a debate about the merits of college football. Please upgrade to Cram Premium to create hundreds of folders! He did this for one-half hour. Most of our subjects tell us afterward that they found it quite interesting You get a chance to see how you react to the tasks and so forth." Sign in|Recent Site Activity|Report Abuse|Print Page|Powered By Google Sites. Twenty Dollar condition. To prevent groupthink, member's of a group should do all but which of the following? Based on experiments by Festinger and Carlsmith, the idea that people are motivated to have consistent attitudes and behaviors. (Boulding, 1969) That is uncomfortable, unless you have a good explanation for your behavior (such as being paid a lot of money). they shifted their attitudes and perceived the task as more enjoyable He explained that, since they were required to serve in experiments, the department was conducting a study to evaluate these experiments in order to be able to improve them in the future. "Look, Officer, I didn't see the stop sign back there because the sun was in my eyes" The police officer responds, "You were not paying attention." Research on conformity suggests that if a _____ response is required, ______ show more conformity than ______. The three components of attitude are _____, thoughts, and actions. On the other hand, people paid only $1 were more likely to say, when asked later, that the experiment was "not bad" or that it was "interesting.". Half of the Don't see what you need? Certainly, the more interesting and enjoyable they felt the tasks were, the greater would be their desire to participate in a similar experiment. Festinger, L. and Carlsmith, J. M. (1959). An experiment by Festinger and Carlsmith (1959) brought cognitive dissonance theory to the attention of American social psychologists. It was explained to them that the Department of Psychology is conducting the study and they are therefore required to serve in the experiments. Were the tasks interesting and enjoyable? As a rule, cognitive dissonance theory predicts that attitudes and behaviors will remain in synchrony. 5. What social psychological phenomenon might the teacher be concerned about? %%EOF
During a class discussion, he hears the first of several speakers express negative attitudes toward spending tax money on prenatal care for the poor. "I didn't like the sermon at all today. Muzafer Sherif et al (1954), Plato, Socrates and Shakespeare endorse a "Tripartite Soul" view of Human Nature. As a rule, cognitive dissonance theory predicts that attitudes and behaviors will remain in synchrony. endstream Festinger explained it this way in A Theory of Cognitive Dissonance (1957): The existence of dissonance, being psychologically uncomfortable, will motivate the person to try to reduce the dissonance and achieve consonance. This project has received funding from the, You are free to copy, share and adapt any text in the article, as long as you give, Select from one of the other courses available, https://explorable.com/cognitive-dissonance, Creative Commons-License Attribution 4.0 International (CC BY 4.0), European Union's Horizon 2020 research and innovation programme. When the interview was over, the interviewer brought the S back to the experimental room where the E was waiting together with the girl who had posed as the waiting S. (In the control condition, of course, the girl was not there.) Method In their laboratory experiment, they used 71 male students as participants to perform a series of dull tasks (such as turning pegs in a peg board for an hour). Study with Quizlet and memorize flashcards containing terms like Martha doesn't want her young son to touch the heating stove. For example, one way would be for the S to magnify for himself the value of the reward he obtained. Kelman (1953) tried to pursue the matter further. /MediaBox[0 0 484 720] Which is (farther, farthest) away, the library of the park? Explanation: In the experiment Festinger and Carlsmith asked the participants to do a dull task. Group B was given introduction by an experimenter, presenting the tasks in an interesting and enjoyable tone. Sigmund Freud believed that aggression is. This is. As shown in Ashes experiment, conforming to the majority happens more often than people think. After completing the tasks, the participants were asked to persuade another student (who were already informed of the experiment confederates) into agreeing to participate. Franklin said if you want someone to like you, get that person to do you a favor. There is another possible way, however. Which of the following has been shown to be true concerning the "teachers" in Milgram's experiment? A little more than 60 years ago, Leon Festinger published A Theory of Cognitive Dissonance (1957). The participants were 71 male students in totality. [/PDF They were instructed to put spools onto and off the try with only one hand for half an hour, and then turn 48 square pegs clockwise for the next half hour. The interview consisted of four questions, on each of which the S was first encouraged to talk about the matter and was then asked to rate his opinion or reaction on an 11-point scale. To start with, she asks her boyfriend to cook dinner for her. Sandy was a juror in the trial for a man accused of stealing guns from a sporting goods store. endobj Betty writes a letter to her senator asking for support of a law making corporations responsible for the pollution they cause. The war in Iraq, the design of the ship Titanic, and the Challenger disaster are all given in the textbook as examples of, If your roommate asks you for a ride to campus and you agree, and then the next day asks if he can borrow your car, it is an example of the. Cognitive Dissonance refers to the discomfort that is felt when a person has two beliefs that conflict with each other, or when they are engaging in . More surprisingly, if you change a person's behavior, attitudes change to match the behavior. In this study, Festinger and Carlsmith found that trailer Which of the following is not an element of social identity theory? The experimenter (E) then came in, introducing himself to the S and, together, they walked into the laboratory room where the E said: With no further introduction or explanation the S was shown the first task, which involved putting 12 spools onto a tray, emptying the tray, refilling it with spools, and so on. To reduce the feeling of discomfort about lying, they persuaded themselves they actually enjoyed the experiment. He doesn't run over to help her because he assumes there is probably someone else in the crowd who is a doctor or nurse and who can provide better assistance. Which of the following is not one of the three things people do to reduce cognitive dissonance? Comparison of the effectiveness of improvised versus non-improvised role-playing in producing opinion change. }. Which of the following researchers conducted a series of studies on conformity that involved having a subject judge the length of three lines after a group of confederates all reported an obviously incorrect answer? Generally speaking, the social comparison theory explains how individuals evaluate their opinion and desires by comparing themselves to others. & KING, B.T. One Dollar condition. GzXfc^+"R89DP{va3'72IKmr(6*k&LCl7pK)rMTvlTx6Gdo-mnsU When it is his turn to speak, he voices an opinion more in keeping with the previous speakers. What are some practical implications of cognitive dissonance theory? Most Ss responded by saying something like "Oh, no, it's really very interesting. In the famous Festinger experiment, participants were paid either $1 or $20 to lie to a woman in the waiting room about how interesting the task really was. In Sternberg's model, intimacy, passion, and commitment are all present in, The area of the brain that controls aggressive responses is the, Zimbardo's prison experiment lasted only five days because, of the extreme effect it was having on the participants, Ryan sees a woman collapse in the mall. Then, identify the underlined modifier by writing P for positive degree, C for comparative degree, or S for superlative degree. Which of the following is not a factor that influences attitude formation? In these circumstances, the object of sacrifice becomes "sacred" and it is in a position to demand further sacrifices. xc```c``Ab,@rb0Sb3``!`m@y"f@00]`ah|GC "$ The subjects were then again interviewed afterwards and were asked to rate four different areas of the experiment. Franklin said if you want someone to like you, get that person to do you a favor. These Ss were hired for one dollar to tell a waiting S that tasks, which were really rather dull and boring, were interesting, enjoyab1e, and lots of fun. 0000010779 00000 n Please select the correct language below. Boulding, K. E. (1969) The grants economy. There remain, for analysis, 20 Ss in each of the thee conditions. Subjects in both groups typically agreed to tell the next subject that the experiment was interesting. Initially, subjects will be told that they will be participating in a two-hour experiment. Those who were paid $1 were forced to rationalize their own judgments and convinced themselves that what they were doing is enjoyable because they had no other justification. The 71 subjects were informed that the experiment focuses on the "Measures of Performance." The interviewer, of course, was always kept in complete ignorance of which condition the S was in. endobj They were told that the study aims to evaluate these experiments to help them improve these in the future. in order to reduce dissonance. This, however, was unlikely in this experiment because money was used for the reward and it is undoubtedly difficult to convince oneself that one dollar is more than it really is. 3. Elizabeth's room is almost always a mess. The major results of the experiment are summarized in Table 1 which lists, separately for each of the three experimental conditions, the average rating which the Ss gave at the end of each question on the interview. In Festinger and Carlsmith's study, the students who were only paid $1 for doing a very boring task . that the participants who were paid $20 would experience less In the process, people look at the images portrayed by others as something obtainable and realistic, and subsequently, make comparisons among themselves, others and the idealized images. He called it the Sacrifice Trap: If we once start making sacrifices for anythinga family, a religion, or a nationwe find that we cannot admit to ourselves that the sacrifices have been in vain without a threat to our personal identity. The variability is greater, however, and the differences do not yield high levels of statistical significance. Some have already been discussed. bystander effect and diffusion of responsibly. experiment. 3. More surprisingly, if you change a person's behavior, attitudes change to match the behavior. ] When she gets up to play it at the recital in front of 100 people, she preforms it better than she ever has. Cognitive dissonance is when we experience conflicting thoughts, beliefs, or attitudes. xref Journal of Abnormal and Social Psychology, 58, 203-210. B. Why are black people stopped by police more than white people? conformed to the group answer about one-third of the time. [1] The experiment reported here was done as part of a program of research supported by a grant from the National Science Foundation to the senior author. The results, according to the researchers, display the cognitive dissonance phenomenon. Sandy was using_______ processing. <> You can use it freely (with some kind of link), and we're also okay with people reprinting in publications like books, blogs, newsletters, course-material, papers, wikipedia and presentations (with clear attribution). Would the subject say that the experiment as he had experienced it was actually likely to measure
According to the text, which of the following has not been studied as a cause of aggressive behavior? Journal of Abnormal and Social Psychology, 58, 203-211. If a person is induced to do or say something which is contrary to his private opinion, there will be a tendency for him to change his opinion so as to bring it into correspondence with what he has done or said. 4. If you change your attitudes, then presumably your behavior will change. He was told again to use one band and to work at his own speed. 0000001089 00000 n This is manifested in the phenomenon called cognitive dissonance. The opposite of Franklin's principle is described by Eric Hoffer, in The True Believer (1951). The Scientific Importance of the Experiment. The results were surprising to Festinger. 4), we will here give only a brief outline of the reasoning. Researchers have found that a________ degree of fear in a message makes it more effective particularly when it it combined with __________. In the study, undergraduate students of Introductory Psychology at Stanford University were asked to take part of a series of experiments. >> 49 0 obj They choose among the available experiments by signing their names on a sheet posted on the bulletin board which states the nature of the experiment. The greater the reward offered (beyond what was necessary to elicit the behavior) the smaller was the effect. The resulting dissonance could, of course, most directly be reduced by persuading themselves that the tasks were, indeed, interesting and enjoyable. In conclusion, people, when persuaded to lie without being given enough justification, will perform a task by convincing themselves of the falsehood, rather than telling a lie. In Latane and Darley's classic 1969 study, they found that____ of the participants reported the smoke in the room when the two confederates in the room noticed the smoke but then ignored it. Therefore the person's attitude changes. Through the lens of cognitive dissonance theory, however, the explanation was a bit different. In the third element of social identity theory, people use _______ to improve their self-esteem. two different groups dealing with the aftermath of a hurricane. Which of the following represents an example of cognitive dissonance? the majority would administer 450 volts as instructed. After the S agreed to do it, the E gave him the previously mentioned sheet of paper headed "For Group B" and asked him to read it through again. "Fight acts, not feelings," is the banner of anti-racist social scientists. The discussion between the S and the girl was recorded on a hidden tape recorder. Their data, however, are not included in the analysis. That is, in the One Dollar condition they may have rehearsed it more mentally, thought up more ways of saying it, may have said it more convincingly, and so on. Actually, the result, as may be seen in the table, are in exactly the same direction, and the magnitude of the mean differences is fully as large as on the first question. A. Nicole practiced diligently with her mom. Specifically, they showed that if a person is forced to improvise a speech supporting a point of view with which he disagrees, his private opinion moves toward the position advocated in the speech. The students were asked to perform a tedious task involving using one hand to turn small spools a quarter clockwise turn. Cults use all of the following except_______to gain new members. This illustrates, If Julie holds the specific attitude that smoking is bad and will likely have an adverse effect on her health, possibly causing lung cancer or emphysema, Julie is, more likely to match her behavior to her attitude by not smoking, When trying to persuade an audience, the message should. This person has two cognitions which, psychologically, do not fit together: one of these is the knowledge that he believes "X," the other the knowledge that he has publicly stated that he believes "not X." We weren't able to detect the audio language on your flashcards. New York: Harper & Row. task faced a greater degree of dissonance than the ones who were paid $20, so >> To do otherwise would have been to create conflict or dissonance (lack of harmony) between their attitudes and their behavior.